Relative influence of human harvest, carnivores, and weather on adult female elk survival across western North America

and weather on adult female elk survival across western North America Jedediah Brodie*, Heather Johnson, Michael Mitchell, Peter Zager, Kelly Proffitt, Mark Hebblewhite, Matthew Kauffman, Bruce Johnson†, John Bissonette, Chad Bishop, Justin Gude, Jeff Herbert, Kent Hersey, Mark Hurley, Paul M. Lukacs, Scott McCorquodale, Eliot McIntire‡, Josh Nowak, Hall Sawyer, Douglas Smith and P.J. White Wildlife Cooperative Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Colorado Parks and Wildlife, 415 Turner Drive, Durango, CO 81303, USA; U.S. Geological Survey, Wildlife Cooperative Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 25, Boise, ID 83707, USA; Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, 1420 E. 6th Ave., Helena, MT 59620, USA; Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; U. S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850, USA; U.S. Geological SurveyUtah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA; Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT 84114, USA; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 S 24th Ave, Yakima, WA 98902, USA; Centre d’étude de la fôret, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., 200 South 2nd St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA; Yellowstone Center for Resources, P.O. Box 168, Officer’s Row Bldg 27, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190, USA;